From HALSALL@MURRAY.FORDHAM.EDU Sat Feb 26 17:12:00 1994 V. 0.1 [2/18/94] V. 0.2 [2/18/94] V. 0.3 [2/21/94] V. 1.0 [3/1/94] QUEERS IN HISTORY ©Compiler: Paul Halsall email: Halsall@murray.fordham.edu This list may be copied and distributed freely. Suggestions for corrections and inclusions should be sent to the compiler. I This is a list of "Queers" in history. The qualifications for inclusion on this list are a: that the person be dead, and b: that the person be reputed to be "queer" and be of interest to modern lesbian, gays, bisexual, transgendered and queer people. II I firmly believe that history is the story [French: "histoire"] we weave for ourselves from our investigations [Greek: "istoria"] into the past. Some, most in fact, of the people on this list were lesbian, gay or bisexual, but with some others the proof is limited, or frankly not compelling. For some, their "queerness" had little to do with sexual orientation but with gender transgression. For still others - the Japanese samurai, Greek and Roman aristocrats - it was not in fact at all "queer" in their society to take part in homosexual sex. Some of these people may also not have been very happy about their queerness. But all these people - modern "homosexuals", cross-dressers throughout the ages, the socially comfortable ephebe-lovers of antiquity - are legitimately of interest to *modern* lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender [or all-together "Queer"] people as we weave OUR history and it is the interest of this modern Queer people that is reflected in this list. There is, of course, no certainty that these people were queer, but they have all been claimed at various times to have been so. I have placed a ? before the cases where either we know the claim is false, or where I think the claim is not very strong. It is certain that far more queers have been mis-taken as "straights", than "straights" have been mistaken as "queers". III There is a problem with all lists such as this. Here is Wayne R. Dynes, _Homosexuality: A Research Guide_ [New York; Garland, 1987], p182, speaking.:- "The impulse to draw up extensive biographical lists of notable homosexuals of the past began with the 19th century homosexual scholars in German-speaking countries. Parallel tendencies occur with scholars representing other minority groups, where such lists seem to function to provide historical witness of the collective worth of an ostracized group. This "hall of fame" approach has recently been criticized as skewing homosexual and lesbian history towards an unrepresentative elite, effacing historical variety and class differences. The search for famous homosexuals also provokes a largely fruitless series of debates over whether figures of the past, such as Socrates or Caesar, were truly homosexual" I accept Dyne's point as legitimate, but very often we know about the elite, or we know about no one at all. As we weave our history, all our investigations are legitimate. IV I cannot list all the sources used for the names on this list. Some were provided by scholars working in particular areas. Many others were drawn from similar compilations, and still other names from more general historical works. I put together a very large bibliography on the history of homosexuality which is available from the Queer Resources Directory as "history.of.homosexuality". Here is a list of some of the more used sources _The Alyson Almanac_, [Boston: 1990] John Boswell, _Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality_, [Chicago: 1980] Margaret Cruikshank, ed., _Lesbian Studies: Present and Future_ Collected essays [Old Westbury, NY: 1982] Christine Downing, _Myths and Mysteries of Same-Sex Love_ [NY: 1989] Wayne R. Dynes, _Homosexuality: A Research Guide_ [New York; Garland, 1987] Arthur Evans, -Witchcraft and the Gay Counterculture_ [Boston: 1978] Kent Gerard and Gert Hekma, _The Pursuit of Sodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe_ Collected papers, [New York: 1989] Martin Greif, _The Gay Book of Days_ [Secaucus, NJ: 1982] - over 1000 names Noel I. Garde, _Jonathan to Gide: The Homosexual in History_ [NY: 1964] - 300+ men Barbara Grier and Coletta Field, _Lesbian Lives_ [Oakland: 1976] - 60+ women Brent Hinch, _Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China_, [Berkeley: 1990] Jonathan Katz, -Gay American History_, {NT: 1976] Sal Licata, ed, _The Gay Past_ [Collected Essays], [NY:1985] Roth, Norman, "Deal Gently with the Young Man: Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), pp. 21-50 A.L. Rowse, _Homosexuals in History_ [NY:1977] V Mostly this is a list of names. Where submitters have provided more information I have included it, and would be prepared to add still more comments. Names are arranged within category in a very rough chronological order. VI I have added some codes to the various names to enhance the list's usefulness. * = woman ? = before name indicates extremely dubious in my opinion b. = born BCE = Before Common Era [Common Era - also known as AD - dates are unmarked] c. = circa [i.e. "about'] C = century d. = died r. = dates of reign for monarchs ********************************************* With all these comments taken into account then, and keeping in mind that this is a list of *reputed* queers, here is the List:- ********************************************* VERY EARLY INDEED Adam and Steve ?The Austrian Iceman with semen in his rectum [this story was the result of a hoax by an Austrian Gay group]] ANCIENT EGYPT Horus and Seth Osaris and Seth Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep (c. 2450 BCE) Two royal officials of the Old Kingdom, buried in a single tomb. Although each was married with children, reliefs in their joint tomb show them kissing and embracing in a way usually reserved for married couples. Prudish Egyptologists tend to claim that they're brothers, but there's no supporting textual evidence and the representations are all wrong for that. So these guys would be the first queer couple! King Neferkare Pepy II and General Sisenet (c. 2300 BCE) A later (c. 1800 BCE) story has the king sneaking out of the palace at night to visit the general, who was his lover. You've already got Pepy II, so now you can add the general! Pepys II c.2360BCE Akhenaten c.1350BCE and Smenkhkare Late Antique Egypt: Arianus (late third/early fourth century CE) Roman official in Egypt known from literary and documentary sources. In several Coptic martyrdoms, he is the prosecuting official who comes on to the male martyrs, talking about how beautiful they are. He offers to let the martyrs go if they give in to him, but the martyrs invariably refuse. *Taese and *Tsansno (late 4th/early 5th century CE) Two nuns punished for lesbian activity (apparently with each other); from paper by T. Wilfong at the recent APA meeting Papapollo and P-hello (sixth century CE) Known from the manuscript of a love spell in which Papapollo is trying to compel the love of P-Hello (both men) ANCIENT IRAQ Gilgamesh and Enkidu ANCIENT GREECE ?All Spartan Men All Cretan Men The Sacred Band of Thebes [military regiment] 378-338BCE --Mythical Persons [included for interest's sake - Latin form in paraentheses]] Zeus (Jupiter) and Ganymede (sometimes "Catamitus" - origin of word 'catamite'] Poseidon (Neptune) and Pelops Apollo and Admettus and Hyacinthus [see below] and Cyparissus Dionysius (Bacchus) and Prosymnus *Artemis (Diana) and *Callisto *Athena (Minerva) and *Pallas Pan Achilles and Patroclus Heracles (Hercules) and Hylas and Iolaus Theseus and Pirithous Damon and Pythias Orestes and Pylades Thyrsis and Corydon Laius (father of Oedippus) and Chrysippus Narcissus and Ameinias Orpheus (the "first man to love boys") Hyacinth and Thamyris and Zephyrus and Boreas Transgendered mythical figures Hermaphroditus Cybele Tiresias Caenis/Caeneus --Generals, Kings, Leaders Antyus 4th C BCE Aristides d.c.468BCE Dionysius II of Syracuse r.367-353BCE Alexander of Pherae 369-358BCE Periander of Ambracia Solon c.600BCE Hipparchus of Athens late 6thCBCE Aristogeiton and Harmodius 532?-514BCE [Supposed founders of Athenian democracy] Alcibiades 450?-404BC Themistocles c524-c459BCE and Stesilaos of Keos Demosthenes 384-322BCE Archelaus of Macedonia r413- and Crateas [who killed A.] Philip II of Macedon 359-336BCE Alexander the Great 356-323BCE and Hephasteion --Poets, Writers *Sappho c.610-c.580BCE Alceaus c.620-c.580BCE Meleager c100BCE Theocritus early 3rd C. BCE Theognis of Megara early 6th C BCE Aeschines c390-322BCE Philostratus 2nd-3rd C BCE Ibycus 6thC BCE Anacreon 582?-485?BCE Pindar of Thebes 518-c446BCE and Thrasybulus and Theoxenus Rufinus Euripides 485-406BCE Sophocles 496-406BCE Agathon c.425CBE Strato Achilles Tatius [Greek novelist - wrote _Leucippe and Cleitophon_] Lucian of Samosata 115-180 --Intellectuals Phraedrus 5thC BCE Phaedo of Elis 5thC BCE Socrates 469?-399BCE Plato 427?-347BCE Zeno of Citium c333-262BCE [Founder of Stoicism] Chrysippus c280-207BCE [Stoic philosopher] Apollodorus c.140BCE [Stoic philosopher] Ancient Rome --Kings, Emperors, Generals, Political Leaders Lucius Quinctius Flamininus c180BC Sulla c.138-78BCE and Metrobius Catiline d.62BCE Julius Caesar 100?-44BCE ["every women's husband, every man's wife] and Nicomedes, King of Bithynia Mark Anthony c.82-30BCE Cicero 100-43BCE [ and Octavian/Augustus b.63-r.27BCE-14 [! -see Marlowe's _Edward II_] Tiberius r.14-37 Caligula r.37-41(inter alia) Nero r.54-68 Vespasian r.69-769 Titus r.79-81 Domatian r.81-96 Hadrian r.76-138 and Antinous d.130 Marcus Aurelius r.121-180 Elagabalus r.218-222 [declared one of his male lovers to be his husband] --Poets, Intellectuals Catullus 84-54BCE Horace 65-8BCE Martial 40-103/4 Virgil 70-19BCE Tibellus 55-19BCE and Marathus Ovid 43BCE-17 Juvenal c.early 2ndC CE Petronius d.65 [wrote the _Satyricon_] Plautus 250-184BCE Seneca 4BCE-65 ANCIENT BIBLICAL FIGURES ?The Men of Sodom c.1800BCE [much-disputed story in Gen. 19] ?*Ruth c1100BCE and *Naomi David 1035?-960?BCE [see I Sam 19, and II Sam 1:26] and Jonathan [some dispute on this one] Daniel the Prophet c.650BCE [eunuch] The Three Young Men c. 650BCE [eunuchs] ?St. John the Evangelist 1stC CE ?St. Paul 1stC CE and Timothy MEDIEVAL EUROPE AND ISLAM --SAINTS *St Anastasia the Patrician *St Anna/Euphemianos *St Apollinaria/Dortheos *St Athanasia of Antioch *St Eugenia/Eugnios *St Hilaria/Hilarion *St Marina/Marinos *St Marina (2) *St Matrona/Babylas *St. Pelagia/Pelagios *St. Theodora/Theodorus *St. Euphrosyne/Smaragdus *St. Papula of Gaul *St Thekla *St Hildegonde of Neuss near Cologne [all the above women dressed and lived as men, usually monks] *St Uncumber [a bearded woman saint] St. Sergius and St. Bacchus *St. Perpetua and *St. Felicity St. Sebastian St. Augustine of Hippo 4thC St. Aelred of Rievaulx early 12C St. Anselm of Bec late 11C St. Paulinus of Nola 4thC and Ausonius --Other Religious Figures ?The Cathars [ala "bougres"] St. Alcuin 9th century Baudri of Bourgeuil 1046-1130 Pope Benedict XI 1020-1055 ?Pope Boniface VIII b.c.1235-r.1294-1303 [charged with "sodomy" by Philip IV of France] Pope Julius II Pope Julius III 1487-1555 and the Prevostino Pope Sixtus IV 1471-1484 Gottschalk Hrbanus Maurus John, Bishop of Orleans (aka "Flora") John of Salisbury 1115(or 1120)-1180 and Pope Hadrian IV Marbod of Rennes Ralph, Archbishop of Tours 12thC Venantius Fortunatus Walafrid Strabo and Luitger Sister Benedetta Carlini of Pescia c.1619 --Byzantium Nicephorus I r.802-811 Michael III r.842-867 and Basil I r.867- ?Basil II r.976-1025 Constantine VIII r.1025-1028 Constantine IX Monomachus r.1042-1055 There was a monastery, The Monastery of the Aguares, specifically for eunuchs - the most well-known Byzantine sexual minority --IBERIA Moshe ibn Ezra [poet] Ibn Sahl [poet] Ibn Sheshet [poet] Ibn Barzel [poet] Ibn al-Farra [poet] Abraham ibn Ezra [poet] Judah Halevi King al-Mutamid of Seville 11th C and Ibn Ammar [poet] ?King John II of Castille r.1406-1454 and Alvaro de Luna [?] King Henry IV of Castille 1425-r.1454-1474 [called "la Puta" by the people!] Antonio Perez 1535-1611 [Philip II of Spain's Secretary of State] King Affonso VI of Portugal r.1656-1683 Francisco Correa Netto, c.1664 [Sacristan of Cathedral of Silves, and erotic letter writer to:-] and Manuel Viegas [guitarist] and Juan Pacheco, marquess of Villena ---ITALY --Political Leaders Emperor Frederick II d.1250 King Conradin of Sicily 1252-1268 and Frederick of Baden --Figures in the Arts Donatello 1386-1466 Aretino 1492-1556 Pomponia Leto 1428-1498 ?Niccolo Machiavelli 1469-1527 Andrea Poliziano 1454-1494 Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 (and Jacopa Saltarelli, Andrea Salaini, Francesco Melzi, Cesare da Sesto, Giuliano Boltraffio) Raphael 1483-1520 Michelangelo Buonarroti 1475-1564 and Tommaso Cavalieri Giovanni Antonio Bazzi "il Sodoma" 1477-1549 Caravaggio 1573-1610 Benevenuto Cellini 1500-1571 FRANCE --Political Leaders King Philip II Augustus r.1179-1223 [and Richard the Lionheart - see Britain] King Charles IX r.1550-1574 King Henry III r.1574-189[and his "mignons":-] and Mougeron and Joyeuse and Epernon Count of Anjou late 16thC [Henry III's brother] and Bussy D'Amboise King Louis XIII b. 1601-r.1610-1643 and Baradas and Marquis de Cinq-Mars and Saint-Simon ?Cardinal Mazarin 1602-1661 --Others ?The Templars [Religious military order. Suppressed early 14th C] ?Jacques le Mollay, leader of Templars at disolution Gilles du Rais 1404-1440 [mass murderer] *St Joan of Arc c.1412-1431 and *La Rousse and *Catharinr de La Rochelle Moliere 1621-1673 and Michel Baron BRITAIN --Kings, Queens, Political Leaders King William II Rufus 1056?-1100 Robert, Duke of Normandy late 11th C William Aethling (Son of Henry I) early 12th C ?King Henry II b.1133-r.1154-1189 and St. Thomas a Becket c.1118-1170 [Very doubtful - but basis of a play by Anouilh] King Richard I the Lion-hearted b.1157-r.1189-1199 [and Philip II Augustus] [and Saladin] and Blondel and Raife de Clermon William Longchamp, Bishop of Ely [Justiciar of Richard I] early 13thC King Edward II 1284-1327 and Piers Gaveston, then Hugh Dispenser ?King Richard II b.1367-r.1377-1399 Sir Walter Raleigh 1554-1618 King James I & VI 1566--r.(Scotland)1567-r.(England)1603-1625 and Lord Hay and Robert Carr and George Villiers, Earl of Buckingham The Earl of Castlehaven mid-17thC --Others Nicholas Udel 1505-1556 Christopher Marlowe 1564-1593 [first creator of lists of Queers!] ?William Shakespeare 1564-1616 Richard Barn(e)field 1574-1627 Lord Southampton 16C Earl of Oxford 16C Charles Arundel 16C Francis Bacon 1561-1626 [scientist] Anthony Bacon 1558-1601 ---Elsewhere in Europe Hoelderin Erasmus of Rotterdam 1466-1536 [humanist] and Servatius Roger and William Blount, Lord Mountjoy Theodore Beza 1519-1606 [Calvin's successor at Geneva] and Audebert Jerome Duquesnoy 1602-1645 [Flemish Sculptor] ---ISLAM Abu Nawas d.810 Arabian Poet Caliph Muhammad al-Amin 9th Cent CE Saladin 12th century [Ruler of Egypt and Syria] Omar Khayyam [Persian Poet - wrote "Rubbayat"] Ibn al-Farid 1182-1235 [poet] Mehmet II al Fatih - Conqueror of Constantinople 1453 MODERN EUROPE [post 1700] ---BRITAIN --Political Leaders King William III b.1650-r.1689-1702 *Queen Anne 1665-1714 and *Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough Lord Hervey 1696-1733[George II's minister] and Stephen Fox and Francesco Algoretti Horace Walpole 1717-1797 [first Prime Minister] John Wilkes 1725-1797 [radical politician] Alexander Carlyle late 18C [Scottish churchman] Charles Townshend late 18thC [politician] Sir Hector McDonald 1853-1903 [general] Viscount Esher 1857-1930 [general] Early Beauchamp 1872-1938 [leader Liberal Party 1924-1931] General Charles Gordon 1833-1885 Horatio Herbert Kitchener 1850-1916 Robert Baden Powell 1857-1941[founder of Boy Scouts] Roger Casement 1864-1916 *Christabel Pankhurst Tom Driberg MP {Baron Bradwell] 1905-197? Duke of Kent [Brother of King George V] Jeremy Thorpe [alive?] [leader Liberal Party - 1970s] *Maureen Colquhoun MP [alive?] Lord Louis Mountbatten [Admiral and Viceroy of India] 1900-1971 Lord Avon, [minister in Margaret Thatcher's first administration] --Poets, Writers *Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and *Anne Wortley *Anna Seward and *Honora Sneyd Thomas Gray] 1716-1771 [Poet and Norton Nichols and Bonstetten Mark Akenside 1722-1770 [poet] and Jeremiah Dyson 1722-1776 Horace Mann 1701-1786 John Chute 1701-1776 William Beckford 1759-1844 and William Courtney William, Viscount Courtney 1773-1833 [same as above?] *Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797 and *Fanny Blood Lord (George Gordon) Byron 1788-1824 and Lord Clare and John Eddleston and Nicolo Giraud Richard Heber 1773-1833 [book collector] Horatio Brown 1856-1926 [writer on Venice] Cardinal John Henry Newman 1801-1890[writer and Catholic convert] and Fr. Alfred Lord Tennyson 1809-1892[poet] Gerard Manley Hopkins 1844-1889 [poet and Jesuit] Edward Carpenter 1844-1929 [social reformer] John Addington Symonds 1840-1893 Walter Pater 1839-1894 [art critic] Norman Douglas 1868-1952 [writer] Algernon Swinbourne 1837-1909 [poet] AC Benson [writer] EF Benson [writer] Robert Hugh Benson [writer] James Barrie 1860-1937 [wrote _Peter Pan_} Frederick Rolfe, Baron Corvo 1860-1913 [writer] Lawrence Houseman 1865-1959 [social reformer] Oscar Wilde 1894-1900 [writer and wit] and Lord Alfred Douglas Andre Raffalovich [dilletante] and Canon John Gray [poet and priest] *Vera Britten [writer] and *Winnifred Holtby [writer] Roden Noel 1834-1894 [minor poet] Marquis of Lorne 1845-1914 James Elro Fletcher 1884-1915 [poet] and J.D. Beazeley 1885-1970 [classical scholar - Greek vases] James Agate 1879-1947 Hugh Walpole 1884-1941 [writer] DH Lawrence 1885-1930 [writer] T.E. Lawrence (of Arabia) 1888-1935 [writer and soldier] and Salim Ahmed [Dahoum] [see dedication of "Seven Pillars"] ?Robert Graves [in early life at least!] [writer] WH Auden 1907-1973 [poet] Duncan Grant E.M. Forster 1879-1970 [writer] Denton Welch [writer] Evelyn Waugh 1903-1966 [writer] Saki (H.E. Munro) 1870-1916 [short story writer] Wilfred Owen 1893-1918 [poet] Siegfried Sassoon 1886-1967 [poet] Harold Nicolson 1886-1982 [writer and politician] Somerset Maugham 1874-1964 [writer] and Gerald Haxton *Radclyffe Hall [writer - The Well of Loneliness] and *Una Troubridge *Virginia Woolf 1882-1941 [writer and feminist] and *Vita Sackville-West [gardener] *Violet Trefusis *Mary Renault 1905-1983 [writer] and *Julie Mullard Joe Orton 1933-1967 [writer] and Kenneth Halliwell d.1967 A.E. Housman 1859-1936 [poet] and Moses Jackson Forrest Read 1875-1947 [writer] Stephen Tennant Harold Acton ["Antoine" in Waugh's _Brideshead Revisited_] Robin Maugham [writer] Christopher Isherwood 1904-1986 [writer] and Don Bachardy [still alive] [artist] Noel Coward 1899-1973 [writer and actpr] J.R. Ackerly [writer] Lytton Strachey 1880-1932 [biographer] James Kirkup [alive?] [poet] Robert Croft-Cooke [writer] Laurence Olivier 1907-198?[actor] [and Danny Kaye - see N.America] Dirk Bogarde [alive?] [actor and writer] --Musical Figures Arthur Sullivan 1842-1900 [composer] Benjamin Britten 1913-1976 [composer] and Peter Pears 1910-1986 [tenor] Ivor Novello 1893-1951 [composer] Brian Epstein 1934-1967 [manager] and ?John Lennon [singer] --Other Andrew Baxter 1688-1750 [Scottish/Dutch moralist] *Marianne Woods early 19thC and *Jane Pirie [Edinburgh school teachers] The Ladies of Llangollen C.J. Vaughn c.1850 [headmaster at Harrow] Sir Richard Burton 1821-1890 (19th Century Explorer and Writer) Charles Ricketts 1866-1931 [artist] and Charles Shannon 1863-1937 [artist] Henry Tuke 1859-1929 [artist] Goldsworthy Dichinson 1867-1932 [academic - Kings College] Ronald Gower 1845-1916 [architect] John Maynard Keynes 1883-1946 [economist] *Florence Nightingale 1820-1910 [nurse] William John Bankes, d. 1855. Dorset MP and early Egyptologist and major collector of Egyptiaca (The family estate still has the obelisk he brought from Egypt). Caught messing around with soldiers in public lavatories twice (1833, 1841); after the last incident, he went to Venice, where he died. [See (of all places) Neil Bartlett, _Who was that man? A Present for Mr Oscar Wilde_ (London: Serpent's Tail, 1988), pp. 58-59; although there's better documentation elsewhere] Alan Turing [breaker of Nazi Enigma code] Guy Burgess [Spy for USSR - subject of film "Another Country"] and Tolya Francis Bacon d1993 [Painter] Aleister Crowley [witch] Derek Jarman 1942-1994 [film maker] *Dolly Wilde 1899-1941 [Oscar's niece, A "wit"] Lord Montagu [subject of famous trial in 1950's] Cecil Beaton [photographer] Ludwig Wittgenstein 1889-1951 [philosopher] ?All students at Eton since its foundation! ?All students at Harrow 1456-1917, 1923-69! ---GERMANY/AUSTRIA --Political Leaders Frederick II the Great of Prussia 1712-1786 and Hans von Katte Prince Henry of Prussia 1726-1802 [suggested as King of America!] King Ludwig II of Bavaria 1845-1886 Friedrich Krupp 1854-1902 [industrialist] Kaiser Wilhelm II 1859-1941 [r.1888-1918] and Prince Philippe zu Eulenberg 1847-1921 Colonel Alfred Redl early 20C [Austrian double agent] Ernst Roehm [Nazi leader] Rathenau [German forein Minister at Versailles 1919] Wilfed Israel 1899-1944 [opponent of Nazis] --Cultural Figures ?Ludwig von Beethoven 1770-1827 [composer] (and nephew ?Karl) ?Franz Schubert 1797-1828 [composer] J.J. Winckelmann 1717-1768 [art historian] Count August von Platten 1796-1835 [poet] and Cardenio/Hoffman Stefan George 1868-1933 [poet] and Maximilien Kronberger Karl Ulrichs 1825-1895 [first person in modrn history to acknowldge his homosexuality] Karol Kertbeny [=Benkert] [Hungarian. Invented the word "homosexual" 1869] Magnus Hirschfeld 1868-1935 [sexologist] Baron Hermann von Teschenberg late 19C [transvestite and gay rights leader] Benedict Friedlaender [gay rights advocate] *Anna Ruehling late 19C [lesbian feminist] *Rosa von Braunschweig late 19C [writer and activist] *Gabriele Reuter [writer] *Marie-Madeleine (Baroness von Puttkamer) [poet] *Elizabeth Dauthendey [writer] *E Krause [writer] George Polck [gay rights advocate] Dr. Ernest Burchard [gay rights advocate] Otto Spengler [gay rights advocate] Dr. George Merzbach [gay rights advocate] ?Rainer Maria Rilke 1875-1927 [poet] Frida Kahlo Alexander von Humboldt [explorer and scientist] Rosa von Praunheim [film maker] Thomas Mann 1875-1955[writer] Rainer Werner Fassbinder [film maker] --Other Ludwig le Gros and Martin Schultze [both executed 1704] *Catharina Margaretha Linck and *Catharina Margaretha Muehhahn c.1721 Baron Ludwig Christian Gunther von Appel c1730 ---FRANCE --Political Life Philippe, Duc de Orleans d.1701 [Brother of Louis XIV] Eugene of Savoy Louis, Prince of Conde *Madame Anne-Louise Germaine du Stael 1766-1817 *Marie Antoinette 1755-1793 Violet-Le-Duc Duc de Nevers Eugene Sue ?Maximilien Robespierre 1758-1794 and ?Saint Just Duc Claude de Villiars ?Napoleon I Bonaparte 1769-1821 [emp. 1804-1815] Jean Jacques Regis de Cambaceres 1753-1824 [designed Code Napoleon] Daniel Guerin [socialist activist] --Cultural Figures ?Voltaire 1694-1778 Paul Henri Dietrich Thiry, Baron d'Holbach 1723-1789 [philosophe] Francois Timoleon de Choisy, Abbe de Choisy (1644-1724) Marquis de Sade 1740-1814 Marquis de Custine 1790-1857 [writer on Russia] Theodore Gericault 1791-1824 [painter] *Georges Sand 1804-1876 Comte Robert de Montesquiou 1855-1921 [poet] Paul Verlaine 1844-1896 [poet] and Arthur Rimbaud 1854-1891 Camille Saint-Saens 1835-1921[composer] Jean Cocteau 1889-1963 [writer] and Raymond Radiguet Jean Genet 1910-1986 [theif and writer] *Colette 1873-1954 [writer] Andre Gide 1869-1951 [writer] and Athman and Marc Allegret *Anais Nin 1903-1977[writer and diarist] Henri de Montherlant 1896-1971 [writer] Marcel Proust 1871-1922 [writer] and Reynaldo Hahn 1874-1947 [musician] and Alfredo Agostinelli *Renee Vivien 1877-1909 *Rosa Bonheur 1822-1899 and *Nathalia Micas Max Jacob 1876-1944 [poet] Francois Poulenc 1899-1963 [composer] and Pierre Bernac *Marguerite Yourcenar 1903-1987 [writer., first woman in French Academy] Michel Foucault 1926-1984 [philosopher] Roland Barthes [lit. critic] ---RUSSIA Tsar Alexander I 1777-1825 Nikolia Przhevalsky 1839-1888 [explorer] Peter Tchaikosky 1840-1893 [composer] Vaslav Nijinsky1890-1950 [dancer] and Filosof and Sergei Diaghelev 1872-1929 Sergei Rachmaninov 1873-1943[composer] Mikhaill Kuzmin 1875-1936 [poet] G.V. Chicherin 1872-1936 [politician] Rudolph Nuryev 1938-1993 [dancer] ---Elsewhere In Europe *Queen Christina of Sweden 1626-1689 and *Ebba Sparre ?Giacomo Casanova 1725-1789 [!] ?Hans Christian Andersen 1805-1875 [Denmark] writer Frederico Garcia Lorca 1898-1936 [Spain] writer Constantine Cavafy 1863-1933 [Greece] poet and Anastasiades Pier Paol Pasolini 1922-1975[Italy] film maker *Florbela Spanca [Portugal] poet Baron von Gloeden *Dona Catalina de Erauso *Isak Dinesen 1885-1962 [Denmark] writer Karol Szymanowski 1883-1937 [Poland] composer *?Anne Frank 1929-1945 [Netherlands] diarist Dag Hammarskjold 1905-1962 [Sweden] UN Sec. Gen. Pope Paul VI 1897-1976 NORTH AMERICA --Pre-Conquest [There were among a number of American peoples figures knwon in general by the French word "berdache", who were male, but dressed and lived as women. Names are of course very rare.] I-coo-coo-a - early 19thC Sioux [Lakota] berdache Sahaykwisa - c.1850-1895 - Mohave --Political Leaders ?Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, 1661-1724 Governor of New York, 1702-1708 ?President George Washington 1732-1799 and Alexander Hamilton [speculative!] Alexander Hamilton 1755-1804 and John Laurens 1754-1782 [compared each other to Damon and Pythias] ?President James Buchanan 1791-1868 and Sen. William Rufus de Vane King 1786-1853 *Susan B. Anthony 1820-1906 Bayard Rustin 1910-1987 [organizer 1963 March on Washington] Walter Jenkins 1918-1985 J. Edgar Hoover 1895-1972 [Head of FBI] and Clyde Tolson 1900-1975 Terry Dolan 1950-1986 Roy Cohn 1927-1986 [McCarthyite lawyer] *Eleanor Roosevelt 1884-1962 [First Lady and US ambassador to UN] and *Lorena Hickok [Journalist] 1 --Writers Henry James 1843-1916 Herman Melville 1819-1891 and Marnoo and Nathenial Hawthorne 1804-1864 Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862 [see Katz on this] and Edmund Sewall *Emily Dickinson 1830-1886 and *Sue Gilbert Raplh Waldo Emerson 1803-1882 and Martin Gay Horatio Alger 1834-1899 *Jane Bowles 1917-1973 John Horne Burns [wrote _The Gallery_] Thornton Wilder 1897-1975 *Sara Teasdale 1884-1933 and *Margaret Conklin Tennesse Williams 1911-1983 *Jane Chambers 1937-1983 Angelina Weld Grimke 1880-1958 Paul Goodman 1911-1972 *Maraget Fuller 1823-1850 *Lorrain Hansberry 1930-1965 *Gertrude Stein 1864-1946 and *Alice. B. Toklas *Amy Lowell 1874-1925 {poet] and Ada Russell *Charlotte Cushman and Emma *Stebbins *Mercedes de Acosta [American?] *Ivy Compton-Burnett *Elizabeth Bowen *Alice James *Sarah Orne Jewett *Carson McCullers *Liane de Pougy [American?] *Margaret Anderson *Dorothy Baker Truman Capote 1924-1984 *May Sarton [alive?] *Maureen Duffy *Edith Hamilton Walt Whitman 1819-1982 James Baldwin 1924-1987 *Willa Cather 1876-1947 and *Isabella McClung and *Louise Pound and *Edith Lewis John Cheever 1912-1882 Hart Crane 1899-1932 Langston Hughes 1902-1967 Alain Locke 1886-1954 and Richard Bruce Nugent and Countee Cullen and Claude MCkee *Audre Lorde 1934-199? *Edna St. Vincent Millay 1892-1950 Colin Higgins 1941-1988 Robert Ferro Howard Sturgis 1855-1920 [writer] *Syliva Beach 1887-1962 and *Andrienne Monnier Henry Beecher Ward 1813-1887 James Barr [pseud.] [wrote "Quatrefoil"] Merle Miller 1919-1986 Alan Barnett George Stambolian Alan Bray *Natalie Barney 1876-1972 *Romaine Brooks 1874-1970 and *Djuna Barnes 1892-1982 --Hollywood and Broadway *Tallulah Bankhead James Dean 1931-1955 *Greta Garbo 1905-198? Errol Flynn 1909-1959 Cary Grant James Whale 1896-1957 Rock Hudson 1925-1985 Charles Laughton 1889-1962 Sal Mineo George Cukor 1899-1983 Charles Ludlam Danny Kaye Bill Sherwood [directed "Parting Glances"] Luchino Visconti 1906-1976 Kenneth Anger Montgomery Clift 1920-1966 Rudolph Valentino 1895-1926 Richard Burton Parker Tyler *Alla Nazimova [Nancy Reagan's Godmother!] Raymond Burr d.1993 --Music Divine [drag diva] Ma Rainey 1886-1939 [singer] Bessie Smith 1898?-1937 [singer] Liberace d.1987 [pianist] Alberta Hunter 1895-1984 Leonard Bernstein 1918-199? [composer] Aaron Copeland 1900-199? [composer] Stephen Foster 1826-1864 Samuel Barber 1910-1981 [composer] and Gian Carlo Menotti [alive] *Janis Joplin [pop singer] Cole Porter 1892?-1964 [song writer] Sylvester [disco diva] --Other Arts Charles Demuth 1883-1935 [painter] Paul Cadmus [alive?] Andy Warhol 1927-1987 [artist] David Wojnoricz [artist] Alvin Ailey [dancer] Keith Haring [artits] Robert Maplethorpe [photographer] --Lesbian and Gay Activists Earl Lind [aka Ralph Wether/Jennie June] c.1895 Henry Gerber [founder of Chicago Society for Human Rights, 1924] Rev, JohnT Graves Al Meininger Ellsworth Booher Fred Panngburn John Sather Henry Teacuter [all the above were openly on the board of the SHR in 1924] Harvey Milk 1930-1978 Leonard Matlovich Vito Russo d.199? Bob Rafsky d.1993 [ACT UP/NY] Dan Bradley 1940-1988 --Other Richard Cornish, d.1624 [executed for "sodomy"] Willaim Plaine, executed 1646 Jan Creoli, executed 1646 [Both Black] and Manuel Congo *Deborah Sampson c.1782-97 Lieut. Frederick Gotthold Enslin, courtmartialled 1778 *Sarah Edgerton c. 1839-1846 and *Luella Case Edward McCosker, 1846 [Gay NY city policeman] James Snow, charged 1873 and Willard Smith *Alice Mitchell and Freda *Ward [Murdered by Mitchell 1892] *Anne Bonny *Dr. Mary Walker 1832-1919 [Doctor, lesbian and transvestite, known as "the most distinguished sexual invert in the United States] and *Belva Lockwood *Nicholas de Raylan, c. 1906 [lesbian transvestite] *Mary Read Jeffery Withers [writer of gay love letters, 1826, to] and Jim Hammond George Santayana 1863-1952 ["philosopher"] Morton Fullerton 1865-1952 {journalist] Edward Perry Warren 1860-1936 [conniseur] *Helen Carey Thomas [President of Btyn Mawr] and *Mary Gwinn *Mary Wolley [President Mout Holyoke] and *Jeanette Marks Stark Young, c.1915 [Professor at Amherst, persecuted by Robert Frost] *Margaret Mead 1901-1978 Cardinal Francis Spellmann 1889-1967 [Archbishop of New York] Cardinal Terance Cooke [Archbishop of New Yorl] [see various biogs. of Roy Cohn] *Dorothy Thompson 1893-1961 William Tilden 1893-1953 [athlete] Thomas Waddel 1938-1987 [founder Gay Games] Randy Shilts 195?-1994 [journalist] Lexander Woolcott 1887-1943 [Journalist] Sal Licata [historian] *Pat Bond *Amelia Earhart 1898-1937? ---[I have little information on the following Areas. All suggestions welcome] EAST ASIA --China Kwan-Yin - the Chinese female Boddhisattva of Compassion, was the male Bodhisatva known as Avalokitesvara in India. Chinese Christians sometimes use images of Kwan Yin to represent the Virgin Mary There were gay marriages in the Fujian province and Lesbian marriages in the Guangdong region. No names though [See Bret Hinsch, _Passions of the Cut Sleeve_] -Chou Period Duke Ling of Wei r.534-493BCE and Mizi Xia The King of Wei Lord Long Yang -The Ten Han Emperors [with "favorites"] Emperor Gao r.206-195BCE and Jiru Emperor Hui r.194-188BCE and Hongru Emperor Wen r.179-141BCE and Deng Tong and Zhao Tan and Beigong Bozi Emperor Jing r.156-141BCE and Zho Ren Emperor Wu r.140-87BCE and Han Yan and Han Yue and Li Yannian Emperor Zhao r.86-74BCE and Jin Shang Emperor Xuan r.73-49BCE Zhang Pengzu Emperor Yuan r.48-33BCE and Hong Gong and Shi Xian Emperor Cheng r.32-7BCE and Zhang Fang and Chunyu Zhang Emperor Ai r.6BCE-1CE and Dong Xian Pei Kai 237-291 Yu Xin 513-581 and Wang Shao Zhang Hanbian c.265-420 and Zhou Xiaoshi Emperor Jianwen c.550 Emperor Xizong r.874-889 and Zhang Langgou Emperor Wuzong r.1506-1522 Emperor Shenzong r.1573-1620 Emperor Xizong r.1621-1628 Emperor Pu Yi - the last Qing [Manchu] emperor - subject of film "The Last Emperor --Japan There was a cult of male love [man-older youth] in premodern Japan, especially among the samurai classes. This means that virtually all pre-modern Japanese men of a certain class may be assumed to have been "queer" in modern terms. Yukio Mishima 1925-1970 [novelist] SOUTH ASIA Lord Shiva/Shakti Krishna Emperor Babur b.1483-r.1526-1530 and Baburi Sarmad 17th C [Jewish convert to Islam, Great Sufi mystic poet] Amar Khan 18th century Ramakrishna 1836-1886 AFRICA [See Ancient Egypt at head of the list. Otherwise I have, so far, not been able to discover the names of any African queers. Please do not tell me about Simon Nkoli, who is still very much alive as far as I am aware. All contributions wrt Africa will be added immediately. I suspect the Muslim kingdoms of East Africa might prove happy hunting grounds, but I lack expertise in that area, and a monograph has not been written] "Gay" Shamans existed amongst the following peoples Bantu peoples in general Kwanyama Ovimbundu [N. Angola] Kimbundu [N. Angola] Lango [Uganda] Konso [S. Ethiopia] Cilenge-Humbi Barea-Kunama [NE Africa] Korongo [NE Africa] Mesakin [NE Africa] In Madagascar the *tsecats* were sacred male transvestites *In Morocco there were sacred Lesbians called Sahacat in the late 15C LATIN AMERICA [Still pretty lacklustre in terms of total numbers. Somebody should know of many more queers here.] Febronio Indio do Brasil, wrote _Revelations of the Prince of Fire_ Cazuza [Brazilian singer] Lauro Corona [Brazilian actor] Adolfo Caminha 1867-97 [Brazilian writer] Virgilio Pin~era: 1912-1979 [Cuban author] Manuel Puig: d.1990 [Argentinian author] 1